Selenium vs Cypress
vs Playwright

// Selenium 4 + Java + TestNG
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.*;
import org.testng.annotations.*;

public class LoginTest {
  WebDriver driver;

  @BeforeMethod
  public void setup() {
    driver = new ChromeDriver();
    driver.manage().window().maximize();
  }

  @Test
  public void loginTest() {
    driver.get("https://app.example.com");

    driver.findElement(
      By.id("email")
    ).sendKeys("user@test.com");

    driver.findElement(
      By.id("password")
    ).sendKeys("secret123");

    driver.findElement(
      By.cssSelector(".btn-login")
    ).click();

    // Manual explicit wait
    new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10))
      .until(ExpectedConditions
        .urlContains("/dashboard"));
  }

  @AfterMethod
  public void teardown() {
    driver.quit();
  }
}

// Cypress 13 - E2E Login Test
describe('Login', () => {

  beforeEach(() => {
    cy.visit('https://app.example.com');
  });

  it('logs in successfully', () => {

    cy.get('#email')
      .type('user@test.com');

    cy.get('#password')
      .type('secret123');

    cy.get('.btn-login')
      .click();

    // Auto-waits — no manual waits!
    cy.url()
      .should('include', '/dashboard');

    cy.get('[data-cy=welcome]')
      .should('be.visible')
      .and('contain', 'Welcome');
  });

  it('reuses session via cy.session()', () => {
    cy.session('user', () => {
      cy.visit('/login');
      cy.get('#email').type('user@test.com');
      cy.get('#password').type('secret');
      cy.get('.btn-login').click();
    });
  });
});

// Playwright 1.x - TypeScript
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';

test.describe('Login', () => {

  test('logs in successfully', async
    ({ page }) => {

    await page.goto(
      'https://app.example.com'
    );

    await page.fill(
      '#email', 'user@test.com'
    );
    await page.fill(
      '#password', 'secret123'
    );
    await page.click('.btn-login');

    // Smart auto-waits built-in
    await expect(page)
      .toHaveURL(/dashboard/);

    await expect(
      page.getByRole('heading')
    ).toContainText('Welcome');
  });

  // Reuse auth state across tests
  test.use({
    storageState: 'auth.json'
  });
});