Master Automation Testing
Fresher → QA Lead

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.get("https://example.com");
System.out.println(driver.getTitle());
driver.quit();

// By ID
WebElement username = driver.findElement(By.id("username"));
username.sendKeys("admin");

// By Name
WebElement pass = driver.findElement(By.name("password"));
pass.sendKeys("secret");

// By ClassName
WebElement btn = driver.findElement(By.className("login-btn"));
btn.click();

// Relative XPath - recommended
WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='email']"));

// contains() - for dynamic attributes
WebElement btn = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[contains(@class,'submit')]"));

// text() match
WebElement link = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[text()='Forgot Password']"));

// Sibling navigation
WebElement sibling = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//label[text()='Username']/following-sibling::input"));

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

// Wait for visibility
WebElement toast = wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("toast-msg"))
);
Assert.assertEquals(toast.getText(), "Login successful");

// Wait for loader to disappear
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.invisibilityOfElementLocated(
    By.className("loading-spinner")
));

// Wait for URL change after login
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.urlContains("/dashboard"));

Select dropdown = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("country")));

// Three ways to select
dropdown.selectByVisibleText("India");
dropdown.selectByValue("IN");
dropdown.selectByIndex(3);

// Read selection
String selected = dropdown.getFirstSelectedOption().getText();
System.out.println("Selected: " + selected);

// Get all options
List<WebElement> options = dropdown.getOptions();
options.forEach(opt -> System.out.println(opt.getText()));

// Wait for and accept a simple alert
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(5));
Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
System.out.println("Alert text: " + alert.getText());
alert.accept();

// Handle a prompt (input dialog)
alert.sendKeys("My Name");
alert.accept();

// Handle a confirm dialog
alert.dismiss(); // clicks Cancel

// LoginPage.java
public class LoginPage {
    @FindBy(id = "username") private WebElement usernameField;
    @FindBy(id = "password") private WebElement passwordField;
    @FindBy(id = "loginBtn")  private WebElement loginButton;

    public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
        PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
    }

    public HomePage login(String user, String pass) {
        usernameField.sendKeys(user);
        passwordField.sendKeys(pass);
        loginButton.click();
        return new HomePage(driver);
    }
}

// In test:
HomePage home = new LoginPage(driver).login("admin", "pass");
Assert.assertTrue(home.isWelcomeMsgVisible());

public class DriverFactory {
    public static WebDriver createDriver(String browser) {
        switch (browser.toLowerCase()) {
            case "firefox":
                WebDriverManager.firefoxdriver().setup();
                return new FirefoxDriver();
            case "edge":
                WebDriverManager.edgedriver().setup();
                return new EdgeDriver();
            default: // chrome
                WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
                ChromeOptions opts = new ChromeOptions();
                opts.addArguments("--headless", "--no-sandbox");
                return new ChromeDriver(opts);
        }
    }
}

public class LoginTest {
    WebDriver driver;

    @BeforeMethod
    public void setUp() {
        driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.get("https://your-app.com");
    }

    @Test
    public void testValidLogin() {
        // test logic
    }

    @Test
    public void testInvalidLogin() {
        // test logic
    }

    @AfterMethod
    public void tearDown(ITestResult result) {
        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
            // take screenshot
        }
        driver.quit();
    }
}

@DataProvider(name = "loginData")
public Object[][] loginData() {
    return new Object[][] {
        {"admin",    "admin123",  true},
        {"user",     "pass",      true},
        {"admin",    "wrongpass", false},
        {"",         "",          false},
    };
}

@Test(dataProvider = "loginData")
public void testLogin(String user, String pass, boolean expectSuccess) {
    loginPage.login(user, pass);
    if (expectSuccess) {
        Assert.assertTrue(dashboardPage.isLoaded());
    } else {
        Assert.assertTrue(loginPage.isErrorVisible());
    }
}

public class TestListener implements ITestListener {

    @Override
    public void onTestFailure(ITestResult result) {
        Object testClass = result.getInstance();
        WebDriver driver = ((BaseTest) testClass).getDriver();

        String screenshotPath = takeScreenshot(driver, result.getName());
        System.out.println("Screenshot saved: " + screenshotPath);
    }

    private String takeScreenshot(WebDriver driver, String testName) {
        TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;
        File src = ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
        String path = "screenshots/" + testName + "_" +
                      new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd_HHmmss").format(new Date()) + ".png";
        try { FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File(path)); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
        return path;
    }
}

public class RetryAnalyzer implements IRetryAnalyzer {
    private int retryCount = 0;
    private static final int MAX_RETRY = 3;

    @Override
    public boolean retry(ITestResult result) {
        if (retryCount < MAX_RETRY) {
            System.out.println("Retrying: " + result.getName() +
                               " | Attempt: " + (retryCount + 1));
            retryCount++;
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
}

// Global transformer -- no need to add retryAnalyzer to every @Test
public class RetryTransformer implements IAnnotationTransformer {
    @Override
    public void transform(ITestAnnotation annotation, ...) {
        annotation.setRetryAnalyzer(RetryAnalyzer.class);
    }
}

public class DriverManager {
    private static ThreadLocal<WebDriver> tlDriver = new ThreadLocal<>();

    public static void setDriver(WebDriver driver) {
        tlDriver.set(driver);
    }

    public static WebDriver getDriver() {
        return tlDriver.get();
    }

    public static void removeDriver() {
        if (tlDriver.get() != null) {
            tlDriver.get().quit();
            tlDriver.remove();
        }
    }
}

// testng.xml:
// <suite parallel="methods" thread-count="4">

// cypress.config.js
module.exports = defineConfig({
  e2e: {
    baseUrl: 'https://demo.your-app.com',
    viewportWidth: 1280,
    viewportHeight: 720,
  }
});

// login.cy.js
describe('Login Page', () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    cy.visit('/login');
  });

  it('should display login form', () => {
    cy.get('#username').should('be.visible');
    cy.get('#password').should('be.visible');
    cy.get('[data-cy="login-btn"]').should('be.enabled');
  });
});

// Stub GET /api/users with fixture data
cy.intercept('GET', '/api/users', { fixture: 'users.json' }).as('getUsers');
cy.visit('/users');
cy.wait('@getUsers');
cy.get('.user-card').should('have.length', 3);

// Simulate API error
cy.intercept('GET', '/api/products', {
  statusCode: 500,
  body: { error: 'Internal Server Error' }
}).as('productsError');
cy.visit('/products');
cy.get('.error-banner').should('contain', 'Something went wrong');

// cypress/support/commands.js
Cypress.Commands.add('login', (email, password) => {
  cy.session([email, password], () => {
    cy.visit('/login');
    cy.get('#email').type(email);
    cy.get('#password').type(password);
    cy.get('[data-cy="submit"]').click();
    cy.url().should('include', '/dashboard');
  });
});

// Fast API login -- bypasses UI
Cypress.Commands.add('loginViaAPI', (email, password) => {
  cy.request('POST', '/api/auth/login', { email, password })
    .then(({ body }) => {
      localStorage.setItem('token', body.token);
    });
});

// Usage in test:
beforeEach(() => cy.login('admin@test.com', 'pass'));

// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  use: {
    baseURL: 'https://demo.your-app.com',
    screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
    video: 'retain-on-failure',
  },
  projects: [
    { name: 'chromium', use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] } },
    { name: 'firefox',  use: { ...devices['Desktop Firefox'] } },
  ],
});

// login.spec.ts
test('user can log in', async ({ page }) => {
  await page.goto('/login');
  await page.getByLabel('Email').fill('admin@test.com');
  await page.getByLabel('Password').fill('password123');
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign in' }).click();
  await expect(page).toHaveURL(/\/dashboard/);
});

// global-setup.ts
async function globalSetup() {
  const browser = await chromium.launch();
  const page = await browser.newPage();
  await page.goto('https://your-app.com/login');
  await page.getByLabel('Email').fill(process.env.ADMIN_EMAIL!);
  await page.getByLabel('Password').fill(process.env.ADMIN_PASS!);
  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign in' }).click();
  await page.context().storageState({ path: 'auth.json' });
  await browser.close();
}

// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
  globalSetup: './global-setup',
  use: { storageState: 'auth.json' },
});

RestAssured.baseURI = "https://reqres.in";

// Basic GET with status assertion
given()
    .log().all()
.when()
    .get("/api/users/2")
.then()
    .log().body()
    .statusCode(200)
    .body("data.first_name", equalTo("Janet"))
    .body("data.last_name",  equalTo("Weaver"));

// Using HashMap for request body
Map<String, Object> body = new HashMap<>();
body.put("name",  "Arjun Sharma");
body.put("job",   "QA Lead");

Response response =
    given()
        .contentType(ContentType.JSON)
        .body(body)
    .when()
        .post("/api/users")
    .then()
        .statusCode(201)
        .body("name", equalTo("Arjun Sharma"))
        .extract().response();

String createdId = response.jsonPath().getString("id");
Assert.assertNotNull(createdId, "ID should not be null");

// user-schema.json
{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
  "type": "object",
  "required": ["id", "email", "first_name"],
  "properties": {
    "id":         { "type": "integer" },
    "email":      { "type": "string", "format": "email" },
    "first_name": { "type": "string" }
  }
}

// In test:
given()
.when()
    .get("/api/users/2")
.then()
    .statusCode(200)
    .body(matchesJsonSchemaInClasspath("schemas/user-schema.json"));

@Test
public void testUserCRUDLifecycle() {
    // CREATE
    String id = given().contentType(ContentType.JSON)
        .body("{\"name\":\"Test User\",\"job\":\"QA\"}") 
        .post("/api/users")
        .then().statusCode(201)
        .extract().jsonPath().getString("id");

    // READ
    given().get("/api/users/" + id)
        .then().statusCode(200)
        .body("data.id", equalTo(Integer.parseInt(id)));

    // DELETE
    given().delete("/api/users/" + id)
        .then().statusCode(204);

    // VERIFY DELETED
    given().get("/api/users/" + id)
        .then().statusCode(404);
}

Feature: User Authentication
  As a registered user
  I want to log in to the application
  So that I can access my dashboard

  Background:
    Given the user is on the login page

  @smoke
  Scenario: Successful login with valid credentials
    When the user enters email "admin@test.com" and password "Pass@123"
    And clicks the login button
    Then the user should be redirected to the dashboard
    And the welcome message should display "Welcome, Admin"

  @regression
  Scenario Outline: Login with invalid credentials
    When the user enters email "<email>" and password "<password>"
    Then an error message "<error>" should be displayed

    Examples:
      | email           | password | error                    |
      | wrong@test.com  | pass123  | Invalid credentials      |
      | admin@test.com  |          | Password is required     |

// SharedContext.java
public class SharedContext {
    public WebDriver driver;
    public String lastExtractedValue;
}

// LoginSteps.java
public class LoginSteps {
    private final SharedContext ctx;

    public LoginSteps(SharedContext ctx) { this.ctx = ctx; }

    @When("the user enters email {string} and password {string}")
    public void enterCredentials(String email, String password) {
        ctx.driver.findElement(By.id("email")).sendKeys(email);
        ctx.driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys(password);
    }
}

// Hooks.java
public class Hooks {
    private final SharedContext ctx;
    public Hooks(SharedContext ctx) { this.ctx = ctx; }

    @Before
    public void setUp() { ctx.driver = new ChromeDriver(); }

    @After
    public void tearDown(Scenario scenario) {
        if (scenario.isFailed()) {
            byte[] sc = ((TakesScreenshot) ctx.driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.BYTES);
            scenario.attach(sc, "image/png", "failure");
        }
        ctx.driver.quit();
    }
}

// Project structure:
// src/
//   main/java/com/qa/
//     base/       → BasePage.java, BaseTest.java
//     pages/      → LoginPage.java, DashboardPage.java
//     utils/      → DriverManager.java, ConfigManager.java,
//                   WaitUtil.java, ScreenshotUtil.java, ExcelUtil.java
//   test/java/com/qa/tests/
//     LoginTest.java
//   test/resources/
//     config.properties
//     testdata/TestData.xlsx
//     log4j2.xml

// ConfigManager.java (Singleton)
public class ConfigManager {
    private static ConfigManager instance;
    private final Properties props = new Properties();

    private ConfigManager() {
        try (InputStream is = getClass().getClassLoader()
                .getResourceAsStream("config.properties")) {
            props.load(is);
        } catch (IOException e) { throw new RuntimeException(e); }
    }

    public static ConfigManager getInstance() {
        if (instance == null) instance = new ConfigManager();
        return instance;
    }

    public String get(String key) { return props.getProperty(key); }
}

// ExcelUtil.java
public class ExcelUtil {
    public static Object[][] readData(String filePath, String sheetName)
            throws IOException {
        Workbook wb = WorkbookFactory.create(new File(filePath));
        Sheet sheet = wb.getSheet(sheetName);
        int rows = sheet.getLastRowNum();
        int cols = sheet.getRow(0).getLastCellNum();
        Object[][] data = new Object[rows][cols];

        for (int i = 1; i <= rows; i++) {  // skip header row
            Row row = sheet.getRow(i);
            for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
                Cell cell = row.getCell(j);
                data[i-1][j] = (cell.getCellType() == CellType.NUMERIC)
                    ? String.valueOf((int) cell.getNumericCellValue())
                    : cell.getStringCellValue();
            }
        }
        wb.close();
        return data;
    }
}

// In Test:
@DataProvider
public Object[][] loginData() throws IOException {
    return ExcelUtil.readData("src/test/resources/testdata/TestData.xlsx", "Login");
}

# .github/workflows/test.yml
name: Automation Tests

on:
  push:
    branches: [main, develop]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Set up Java 17
        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
        with:
          java-version: '17'
          distribution: 'temurin'
          cache: maven

      - name: Run Tests
        run: mvn test -Dbrowser=chrome -Denv=staging
        env:
          BASE_URL: ${{ secrets.STAGING_URL }}

      - name: Upload Allure Results
        if: always()
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: allure-results
          path: allure-results/

# docker-compose.yml
services:
  chrome:
    image: selenium/standalone-chrome:4.18
    ports:
      - "4444:4444"
      - "7900:7900"  # noVNC viewer
    environment:
      - SE_NODE_MAX_SESSIONS=4
    shm_size: '2gb'

# DriverFactory.java -- use RemoteWebDriver in CI
public static WebDriver createDriver() {
    String gridUrl = System.getProperty("grid.url",
                     "http://localhost:4444");
    ChromeOptions opts = new ChromeOptions();
    if (gridUrl != null && !gridUrl.isEmpty()) {
        return new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(gridUrl), opts);
    }
    return new ChromeDriver(opts);
}

# Run JMeter headlessly (CLI mode):
jmeter -n -t src/test/jmeter/load-test.jmx \
       -l target/jmeter-results.jtl \
       -e -o target/jmeter-report

# Key JMeter metrics to report:
# - Average response time (aim: < 500ms)
# - 90th percentile (aim: < 1000ms)
# - Throughput (requests/sec)
# - Error rate (aim: < 1%)
# - Connect time + latency breakdown

# Thread Group config for soak test:
# Users: 20 | Ramp-up: 60s | Duration: 3600s (1 hour)
# This reveals memory leaks and performance degradation over time

-- Verify user was created by signup test
SELECT id, name, email, created_at
FROM users
WHERE email = 'testuser@example.com'
  AND created_at > NOW() - INTERVAL 5 MINUTE;

-- Verify order total matches UI display
SELECT o.id, o.total, o.status,
       u.name AS customer_name
FROM orders o
INNER JOIN users u ON o.user_id = u.id
WHERE o.id = 1001;

-- Cleanup test data safely
DELETE FROM orders WHERE user_id IN (
    SELECT id FROM users WHERE email LIKE 'qatest_%@example.com'
);
DELETE FROM users WHERE email LIKE 'qatest_%@example.com';

public class DBUtil {
    private static final String URL  = ConfigManager.getInstance().get("db.url");
    private static final String USER = ConfigManager.getInstance().get("db.user");
    private static final String PASS = ConfigManager.getInstance().get("db.pass");

    public static String getSingleValue(String sql) throws SQLException {
        try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PASS);
             Statement  stmt = conn.createStatement();
             ResultSet  rs   = stmt.executeQuery(sql)) {
            return rs.next() ? rs.getString(1) : null;
        }
    }
}

// In test -- assert UI value matches DB value
@Test
public void testOrderTotalMatchesDB() {
    String uiTotal = orderPage.getOrderTotal();   // "₹4,500"
    String dbTotal = DBUtil.getSingleValue(
        "SELECT total FROM orders WHERE id = '" + orderId + "'"
    );
    Assert.assertEquals(uiTotal.replace("₹","").replace(",",""),
                        dbTotal);
}